0.0 2008-09 GDM é o Xestor de entrada de GNOME, un programa gráfico de inicio de sesión. MartinK. Petersen

mkp@mkp.net

GeorgeLebl

jirka@5z.com

JonMcCann

mccann@jhu.edu

RayStrode

rstrode@redhat.com

BrianCameron

Brian.Cameron@Oracle.COM

1998 1999 Martin K. Petersen 2001 2003 2004 George Lebl 2003 2007 2008 Red Hat, Inc. 2003 2011 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Este manual describe a versión 2.26.0 do Xestor de entrada de GNOME. Actualizouse por última vez o 2 de febreiro de 2009. Este manual describe a versión 2.26.0 do Xestor de entrada de GNOME. Actualizouse por última vez o 2 de febreiro de 2009. Chooser - A program used to select a remote host for managing a display remotely on the attached display (gdm-host-chooser). FreeDesktop - The organization providing desktop standards, such as the Desktop Entry Specification used by GDM. http://www.freedesktop.org. GDM: O xestor de entrada de GNOME. Úsase para describir o paquete de software como un todo. Greeter - The graphical login window (provided by gnome-shell). PAM: Mecanismo de engadidos de autenticación (Pluggable Autentication Mechanism) XDMCP: Protocolo de xestión de pantallas X (X Display Manager Protocol) Xserver - An implementation of the X Window System. For example the Xorg Xserver provided by the X.org Foundation http://www.x.org. Paths that start with a word in angle brackets are relative to the installation prefix. I.e. <share>/pixmaps/ refers to /usr/share/pixmaps if GDM was configured with --prefix=/usr. O Xestor de entrada de GNOME (GDM) é un xestor de entrada que implementa todas as características significativas requiridas para xestionar pantallas remotas e locais. GDM escribiuse desde cero e non contén nada de código de XDM ou do X Consortium. Note que o GDM é altamaente configurábel e moitos axustes de configuración poden afectar á seguranza. Os temas sobre os que debe prestar atención están realzados neste documento. Note que algúns sistemas operativos configuran GDM para comportarse de forma diferente aos valores predetermiandos, como se describe neste documento. Se GDM non parece comportarse como se documenta, entón comprobe se algunha configuración relacionada difire da aquí describa. For further information about GDM, refer to the project website at http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GDM. For discussion or queries about GDM, refer to the discussion forum at https://discourse.gnome.org/tag/gdm. The archives of the previous mailing list are also a good resource to check to seek answers to common questions. The list was archived at https://mail.gnome.org/archives/gdm-list/ and has a search facility to look for messages with keywords. Please submit any bug reports or enhancement requests to https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gdm/-/issues/. GDM 2.20 e máis actuais admiten as interfaces estábeis de configuración. Porén, o código base foi completamente rescrito en GDM 2.22, e pode non ser completamente compatíbel cara atrás con publicacións antigas. Isto é en parte porque as cousas funcionan de forma diferente, polo que algunhas opcións agora xa non teñen sentido, en parte porque algunhas opcións nunca tiveron sentido e en parte porque algunha funcionalidade non foi reimplementada. Interfaces which continue to be supported in a stable fashion include the Init, PreSession, PostSession, PostLogin, and Xsession scripts. Some daemon configuration options in the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file continue to be supported. Also, the ~/.dmrc, and face browser image locations are still supported. GDM 2.20e máis actual admitían a característica de xestionar múltiples pantallas con tarxetas gráficas separadas, como son usados en ambientes de servidor de terminais, inicio de sesión nunha xanela mediante programas como Xnest ou Xephyr, o programa gdmsetup, os temas de benvida baseados en XL e a característica de executar o selector de XDMCP desde o inicio de sesión. Estas características non foron restauradas durante a rescritura de 2.22. GDM é responsábel de xestionar pantallas no seu sistema. Isto inclúe a autenticación de usuarios, iniciar e rematar a sesión de usuario. GDM é configurábel e pode atopar unha descrición das formas de como pode facelo na sección «Configurando GDM» deste documento. GDM tamén é accesíbel para os usuarois con discapacidades. GDM fornece a característica de xestionar a pantalla da console principal e as pantallas iniciadas en VT. Está integrado con outros programas, como a miniaplicación de Intercambio de usuarios rápido (FUSA) e o gnome-screensaver para xestionar as pantallas múltiples nunha consola mediante a interface de Terminal Virtual Xserver (VT). Tamén pode xestionar pantallas XDMCP. Regardless of the display type, GDM will do the following when it manages the display. It will start an Xserver process, then run the Init script as the root user, and start the greeter program on the display. The greeter program is run as the unprivileged "gdm" user/group. This user and group are described in the "Security" section of this document. The main functions of the greeter program are to provide a mechanism for selecting an account for log in and to drive the dialogue between the user and system when authenticating that account. The authentication process is driven by Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM). The PAM modules determine what prompts (if any) are shown to the user to authenticate. On the average system, the greeter program will request a username and password for authentication. However some systems may be configured to use supplemental mechanisms such as a fingerprint or SmartCard readers. GDM can be configured to support these alternatives in parallel with greeter login extensions and the --enable-split-authentication ./configure option, or one at a time via system PAM configuration. The smartcard extension can be enabled or disabled via the org.gnome.display-manager.extensions.smartcard.active gsettings key. Likewise, the fingerprint extension can be enabled or disabled via the org.gnome.display-manager.extensions.fingerprint.active gsettings key. GDM e PAM pode configurarse para non requirir ningunha entrada, que causará que GDM inicie sesión automaticamente e logo inicie a sesión, o cal pode ser útil para algúns ambientes, como en sistemas de usuario único e quioscos. In addition to authentication, the greeter program allows the user to select which session to start and which language to use. Sessions are defined by files that end in the .desktop suffix and more information about these files can be found in the "GDM User Session and Language Configuration" section of this document. By default, GDM is configured to display a face browser so the user can select their user account by clicking on an image instead of having to type their username. GDM keeps track of the user's default session and language in the user's ~/.dmrc and will use these defaults if the user did not pick a session or language in the login GUI. After authenticating a user, the daemon runs the PostLogin script as root, then runs the PreSession script as root. After running these scripts, the user session is started. When the user exits their session, the PostSession script is run as root. These scripts are provided as hooks for distributions and end-users to customize how sessions are managed. For example, using these hooks you could set up a machine which creates the user's $HOME directory on the fly, and erases it on logout. The difference between the PostLogin and PreSession scripts is that PostLogin is run before the pam_open_session call so is the right place to do anything which should be run before the user session is initialized. The PreSession script is called after session initialization. A pantalla de benvida de GDM mostra un panel situado na parte inferior da pantalla que fornece funcionalidade adicional. Cando un usuario está seleccionado o panel permítelle ao usuario seleccionar a sesión, idioma e distribución de teclado que quere usar ao iniciar sesión. O selector da distribución do teclado tamén cambia a distribución do teclado ao escribir o seu contrasinal.O panel tamén contén un área para que os servizos de inicio de sesión poidan deixar iconas de estado. Como exemplo dalgunhas iconas atopará unha icona do estado da batería e unha icona para activar características de accesibilidade. O programa de benvida tamén fornece botóns que lle permiten ao usuario apagar ou reiniciar o seu sistema. É posíbel configurar GDM para non fornecer os botóns de apagar ou reinicio, se o desexa. GDM tamén pode configurarse mediante PolicyKit (ou mediante RBAC en Oracle Solaris) para requirir que o usuario teña unha autorización axeitada antes de aceptar unha solicitude de apagado ou reinicio. Teña en conta que as características de disposición do teclado só están dispoñíbeis en sistemas que son compatíbeis con libxklavier. GDM admite «Inicio de sesión accesíbel», o cal lle permite iniciar sesión nunha sesión de escritorio incluso cando non pode usar de forma doada a pantalla, o rato ou o teclado na forma normal. A Tecnoloxía de Accesibilidade (AT) ten características como teclado en pantalla, lector de pantalla, magnificador de pantalla e accesibilidade de teclado AccessX de Xserver. Vaia á sección «Configuración de accesibilidade»do documento para obter máis información sobre como se poden configurar as distintas características de accesibilidade. Nalgúns sistemas operativos, é necesario asegurarse que o usuario de GDM é un membro do grupo «audio» para os programas de AT que requiren saída de son (como texto-a-fala) para que sexan funcionais. O explorador de caras é a interface que lle permite os usuarios seleccionar o seu nomem de usuario seleccionando unha imaxe. Esta característica pode activarse ou desactivarse mediante a chave de lista de Gsettings org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-enabled, a cal está activada por omisión. Ao activala, mostrará todos os usuarios locais que están dispoñíbeis para iniciar sesión no sistema (todas as contas de usuario definidas en /etc/password que teñan unha shell válida e un UID suficientemente alto) e os usuarios remotos que iniciaran sesión recentemente. O explorador de caras en GDM 2.20 e superior tentarán mostrar todos os usuarios remotos o que pode causar problemas de rendemento para despregues empresariais grandes. O Explorador de caras está configurado para mostrar os usuarios que inician sesión máis frecuentemente na parte superior da lista. Isto axúdalle a asegurarse que os usuarios que inician sesión con máis frecuencia poida atoparse a súa imaxe de inicio de sesión máis rápido. O explorador de caras admite "busca adiantada" que move dinámicamente a selección de cara mentres o usuario escribe o correspondente nome de usuario na lista. Isto significa que un usuario con un nome de usuario longo só ten que escribir os primeiros caracteres do seu nome antes de que seleccione o elemento correcto na lista. The icons used by GDM can be installed globally by the sysadmin or can be located in the user's home directories. If installed globally they should be in the <share>/pixmaps/faces/ directory and the filename should be the name of the user. Face image files should be a standard image that GTK+ can read, such as PNG or JPEG. Face icons placed in the global face directory must be readable to the GDM user. If there is no global icon for the user, GDM will look in the user's $HOME directory for the image file. GDM will first look for the user's face image in ~/.face. If not found, it will try ~/.face.icon. If still not found, it will use the value defined for "face/picture=" in the ~/.gnome2/gdm file. Se o usuario non ten unha imaxe de avatar definida, GDM usará a icona «stock_person» definida no tema GTK+ actual. Se non hai unha imaxe definida, usarase a imaxe de avatar xenérica. Teña en conta que cargar e escalar iconas de avatar localizadas en cartafoles persoais remotos pode ser unha tarefa que leve tempo. Xa que no é práctico cargar imaxes mediante NIS ou NFS, GDM non tentará cargar imaxes desde cartafoles persoais remotos. Cando o explorador está activado, os nomes de usuario válidos no computador mostraranse para calquera que poida ver. Se XDMCP está activado, os nomes de usuario móstranse tamén para os usuario remotos. Isto, por suposto, limita a seguridade xa que un usuario malicioso non precisa adiviñar os nomes de usuarios válidos. Nalgúns ambientes restritivos o explorador de avatares podería non ser o axeitado. O «daemon» GDM pode configurarse para escoitar e xestionar peticións X Display Manage Protocol (XDMCP) desde pantallas remotas. Por defecto a compatibilidade con XDMCP está descativada, porén pode activala se o desexa. Se GDM se constrúe con compatibilidade de wrapper TCP, o daemon só lle dará acceso a equipos específicos na sección do servizo GDM do ficheiro de configuración de TCP Wrappers. GDM inclúe varias medidas que o fan máis resistente a ataques de denegación de servizo en XDMCP. Moitos dos parámetros do protocolo, tempos de espera de negociación, etc. poden axustarse.. A configuración predefinida debería funcionar razoabelmente ben na maioría dos sistemas. GDM escoita por omisión ás peticións XDMCP no porto UDP normal usado por XDMCP, o porto 177, e responderá ás peticións QUERY e BROADCAST_QUERY enviando un paquete WILLING ao remitente. GDM tamen pode configurarse para ceder consultas INDIRECT e mostrar un selector de equipo dunha pantalla remota. GDM recordará a elección do usuario e derivará as subsecuentes consultas ao xestor de elección. GDM tamén permite que unha extensión do protocolo faga a redirección en canto a conexión do usuario teña éxito. Esta extensión só se admite se ámbolos dous daemons son GDM. É transparente e é ignorada por XDM ou outros daemons que implementen XDMCP. If XDMCP seems to not be working, make sure that all machines are specified in /etc/hosts. Consulte a sección «Seguridade» para obter máis información sobre a seguridade ao usar XDMCP. GDM uses syslog to log errors and status. It can also log debugging information, which can be useful for tracking down problems if GDM is not working properly. Debug output can be enabled by setting the debug/Enable key to "true" in the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file. Output from the various Xservers is stored in the GDM log directory, which is normally <var>/log/gdm/. Any Xserver messages are saved to a file associated with the display value, <display>.log. The session output is piped through the GDM daemon to the ~/$XDG_CACHE_HOME/gdm/session.log file which usually expands to ~/.cache/gdm/session.log. The file is overwritten on each login, so logging out and logging back into the same user via GDM will cause any messages from the previous session to be lost. Note that if GDM can not create this file for some reason, then a fallback file will be created named ~/$XDG_CACHE_HOME/gdm/session.log.XXXXXXXX where the XXXXXXXX are some random characters. GDM permite que varios usuarios poida iniciar sesión ao mesmo tempo. Despois de que o primeiro inicie sesión, outros usuaris poden iniciar sesión mediante o Trocador de usuarios do Panel de GNOME, ou desde o botón «Trocar usuario» do diálogo da Pantalla de Bloquedo do Protector de pantalla de GNOME. A sessión activa cambiarase usando o mesmo mecanismo. Teña en conta que algunhas distribucións poderían non incluír o Trocar de usuarios á configuración predeterminada do panel. Pode engadila usando o menú contextual do panel. Teña en conta que esta característica só está dispoñíbel en sistemas que admiten Terminais Virtuais. Esta característica non funcionará se as Terminais virtuais non funcionan. Por razóns de seguranza recoméndase ter un id de usuario e group para que funcione correctamente a operación. Este usuario e grupo son «gdm» na maioría dos sistemas normalmente, aínda que poden configurarse para calquera usuario ou grupo. Todos os programs de GUI de GDM executaranse con este usuario, polo que os programas que interactúan con este usuario son executados nunha caixa de area. Este usuario e grupo deberían ter privilexios limitados. The only special privilege the "gdm" user requires is the ability to read and write Xauth files to the <var>/run/gdm directory. The <var>/run/gdm directory should have root:gdm ownership and 1777 permissions. You should not, under any circumstances, configure the GDM user/group to a user which a user could easily gain access to, such as the user nobody. Any user who gains access to an Xauth key can snoop on and control running GUI programs running in the associated session or perform a denial-of-service attack on it. It is important to ensure that the system is configured properly so that only the "gdm" user has access to these files and that it is not easy to login to this account. For example, the account should be setup to not have a password or allow non-root users to login to the account. A configuración do greeter de GDM está almacenado en GConf. Para permitir ao usuario GDM escribir configuracións é preciso darlle ao usuario «gdm» permisos para escribir no directorio $HOME. Os usuaris poderían configurar a configuración GConf por omisión á que desexe para evitar ter que fornecerlle ao usuario «gdm» un directorio $HOME. Porén, algunhas características de GDM poderían desactivarse se non pode escribir a información de estado na configuración de GConf. GDM usa PAM para a autenticación de inicio de sesión. PAM significa Pluggable Authentication Module, e é usado pola maioría dos programas que solicitan autenticacións no seu computador. Permítelle ao administrador configurar comportamentos de autenticación específicos para varios programas de inicio de sesión (como para ssh, GUI de inicio de sesión, etc.) PAM é complicado e amplamente configurábel, esta documentación non pretende explicar isto en detalle. No lugar, pretende darlle unha pequena vista previa de como a configuración de PAM se relaciona con GDM, como se configura normalmente PAM con GDM, e problemas coñecidos. Agardase que unha persona que precisa configurar PAM precisa debería ter que facer máis aló de ler a documentación de PAM para entender como configuralo e entender os termos usados nesta sección. PAM configuration has different, but similar, interfaces on different Operating Systems, so check the pam.d or pam.conf man page for details. Be sure you read the PAM documentation and are comfortable with the security implications of any changes you intend to make to your configuration. Teña en conta que, por omisión, GDM usa o nome de servizo PAM «gdm» para o inicio de sesión normal e o nome de servizo PAM «gdm-autologin» para os inicios de sesión automáticos. Se non hai entrada entón GDM usará o comportamento PAM por omisión. Na maioría dos sistemas isto funcionará ben, porén, no inicio de sesión automático pode que non funcione se o servizo gdm-autologin non está definido. The PostLogin script is run before pam_open_session is called, and the PreSession script is called after. This allows the system administrator to add any scripting to the login process either before or after PAM initializes the session. If you wish to make GDM work with other types of authentication mechanisms (such as a fingerprint or SmartCard reader), then you should implement this by using a PAM service module for the desired authentication type rather than by trying to modify the GDM code directly. Refer to the PAM documentation on your system. PAM ten algunhas limitacións ao ser capaz de traballar con varios tipos de autenticación ao mesmo tempo, como permitir aceptar tanto unha tarxeta intelixente e permitir escribir un nome de usuario e contrasinal no programa de inicio de sesión. Hai técnicas que poden usarse para facelo funcionar, e é mellor investigar cómo se soluciona normalmente este problema ao configurar dita configuración. Se o inicio de sesión automático non funciona no seu sistema, comprobe se está definido «gdm-autologin» na configuración de PAM. Para facelo funcionar, é preciso usar un módulo de PAM que simplemente non precisa autenticación, ou que simplemente retorna PAM_SUCCESS desde todas as súas interfaces públicas. Asumindo que o seu sistema ten o módulo pam_allow.so que fai isto, a configuración de PAM para activar «gdm-autologin» debería ser semellante a: gdm-autologin auth required pam_unix_cred.so.1 gdm-autologin auth sufficient pam_allow.so.1 gdm-autologin account sufficient pam_allow.so.1 gdm-autologin session sufficient pam_allow.so.1 gdm-autologin password sufficient pam_allow.so.1 A configuración de arriba causará que a entrada lastlog non se xere. Se desexa unha entrada lastlog entón use o seguinte para a sesión: gdm-autologin session required pam_unix_session.so.1 Se o computador é usado por varias personas, o que fai o inicio de sesión automatico non axeitado, pode querer que varios usuarios inicien sesión sen escribir contrasinal. Esta característica pode activarse con unha configuración por usuario na ferramenta de administración de usuarios desde gnome-system-tools; isto faise comprobando que o usuario é membro do grupo de usuarios «nopasswdlogin» antes de preguntarlle polo contrasinal. Para facelo funcionar, o ficheiro de configuración de PAM para o servizo «gdm» debería incluír unha liña como a seguinte: gdm auth sufficient pam_succeed_if.so user ingroup nopasswdlogin GDM generates utmp and wtmp User Accounting Database entries upon session login and logout. The utmp database contains user access and accounting information that is accessed by commands such as finger, last, login, and who. The wtmp database contains the history of user access and accounting information for the utmp database. Refer to the utmp and wtmp man pages on your system for more information. Xserver authorization files are stored in a newly created subdirectory of <var>/run/gdm at start up. These files are used to store and share a "password" between X clients and the Xserver. This "password" is unique for each session logged in, so users from one session can't snoop on users from another. GDM só admite o esquema de autenticación MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1. Normalmente pouco se pode gañar doutros esquemas, e non se fixo ningún esforzo por implementar máis aló del. Sexa especialmente coidadoso sobre usar XDMCP xa que a cookie de autenticación de Xserver vai sobre a rede como texto plano. Se é posíbel fisgonear, entón un atacante podería obter o seu contrasinal de autenticación en cando inicie sesión, sen importar o esquema de autenticación usado. Se fisgonear é posíbel e non desexábel, entón debería usar ssh para facer un túnel dunha conexión de X no lugar de usar XDMCP. Pode pensar en XDMCP como un telnet gráfico, tendo os seus mesmos problemas de seguridade. Na maioría dos casos, ssh -Y é preferíbel sobre as características de XDMCP de GDM. Aínda que a súa pantalla está protexida por cookies, XEvents e polo tanto as pulsacións de teclas ao escribir contrasinais enviaránse en texto plano polo cable. E é trivial capturalas. XDMCP é útil primordialmente para executar clientes lixeiros como terminais de laboratorio. Estos clientes lixeiros só precisarán acceso por rede ao servidor, polo que semellaran unha política seguranza boa ter os clientes lixeiros nunha rede separada que non poida ser accesible desde o exterior, e só poden conectarse ao servidor. O único punto desde o que precisa ter acceso ao exterior é o servidor. Este tipo de configuración nunca debería usarse nun hub sen xestionar ou nunha rede analizábel. O control de acceso de XDMCP está construído empregando envoltorios de TCP. É posíbel compilar GDM sen a compatibilidade de envoltorios de TCP, polo que esta característica podería non admitirse nalgúns sistemas operativos. You should use the daemon name gdm in the <etc>/hosts.allow and <etc>/hosts.deny files. For example to deny computers from .evil.domain from logging in, then add gdm: .evil.domain to <etc>/hosts.deny. You may also need to add gdm: .your.domain to your <etc>/hosts.allow if you normally disallow all services from all hosts. See the hosts.allow(5) man page for details. Even though GDM tries to outsmart potential attackers trying to take advantage of XDMCP, it is still advised that you block the XDMCP port (normally UDP port 177) on your firewall unless really needed. GDM guards against denial of service attacks, but the X protocol is still inherently insecure and should only be used in controlled environments. Also each remote connection takes up lots of resources, so it is much easier to do a denial of service attack via XDMCP than attacking a webserver. Tamén se aconsella bloquear todos os portos de Xserver. Estos portros TCP 6000+ (un para cada número de pantalla) no seu firewall. Teña en conta que GDM usará os números de pantalla 20 e superiores para os servidores baixo demanda flexíbeis. X non é un protocolo moi seguro ao usalo por internet, e XDMCP é aínda menos seguro. GDM pode configurarse para usar PolicyKit para permitirlle a un administrador de sistemas o control de se a pantalla de benvida debería fornecer os botóns de apagado e reinicio. These buttons are controlled by the org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.stop-multiple-users and org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.restart-multiple-users actions respectively. Policy for these actions can be set up using the polkit-gnome-authorization tool, or the polkit-auth command line program. GDM pode configurarse para usar RBAC no lugar de PolicyKit. Neste caso a configuración de RBAC úsase para controlar se a pantalla de inicio de sesión debería fornecer os botóns de apagado e reinicio na pantalla de benvida. For example, on Oracle Solaris, the "solaris.system.shutdown" authorization is used to control this. Simply modify the /etc/user_attr file so that the "gdm" user has this authorization. GDM inclúe compatibilidade para publicar información de inicio de sesión do usuario co marco de traballo de contas de sesión e usuario coñecido como ConsoleKit. ConsoleKit pode facer un seguemento de todos os usuarios coa sesión aberta actualmente. Neste respecto, pode usarse como un substituto dos ficheiros utmp ou utmpx que están dispoñíbeis na maioría dos sistemas operativos Unix. Cando GDM está a piques de crear un novo proceso de inicio de sesión para un usuario chamará a un método privilexiado de ConsoleKit para abrir unha nova sesión para este usuario. Neste momento GDM tamén lle fornece a ConsoleKit información sobre esta sesión de usuario como: o ID de usuario, o nome da pantalla X11 que será asociada coa sesión, o nome do anfitrión desde o que se orixina a sesión (útil nos casos dunha sesión XDMCP), tanto se a sesión é anexada ou non, etc. Como a entidade que inicia o proceso de usuario, GDM está nunha posición única que coñece sobre a sesión de usuario e se confiábel de fornecer estes anacos de información. O uso desde método privilexiado está restrinxido polo uso dunha política de seguridade do bus de mensaxes do sistema D-Bus. No caso de que un usuario con unha sesión existente se autenticara en GDM e solicite retomar unha sesión existente, GDM chama ao método con privilexios de ConsoleKit para desbloquear a sesión. Os detalles exactos do que acontece cando a sesión recibe este sinal de desbloqueo non están definidos e é específico da sesión. Porén, a maioría das sesións desbloquearán o protector de pantalla en resposta. Cando o usuario queira saír da sesión, ou se GDM ou a sesión saen de forma inesperada a sesión do usuario desrexistrarase desde ConsoleKit. GDM ten un conxunto de interfaces de configuración. Isto inclúe puntos de integración de scripting, configuración do «daemon», configuración da pantalla de benvida, configuracións xerais da sesión, integración coas configuracións de «gnome-settings-daemon» e configuración da sesión. Estes tipos de integración descríbense en detalle embaixo. The GDM script integration points can be found in the <etc>/gdm/ directory: Xsession Init/ PostLogin/ PreSession/ PostSession/ The Init, PostLogin, PreSession, and PostSession scripts all work as described below. For each type of script, the default one which will be executed is called "Default" and is stored in a directory associated with the script type. So the default Init script is <etc>/gdm/Init/Default. A per-display script can be provided, and if it exists it will be run instead of the default script. Such scripts are stored in the same directory as the default script and have the same name as the Xserver DISPLAY value for that display. For example, if the <Init>/:0 script exists, it will be run for DISPLAY ":0". Todos estos scripts son executados con privilexios de root e retornan 0 se se executaron con éxto, e un código de erro non cero se houbo algún fallo que podería causar que unha sesión de inicio de sesión sexa abortada. Teña en conta que GDM bloquearase ate que os scripts rematen, polo que se ditos scripts se deteñen, isto causará que o proceso de inicio tamén se deteña. When the Xserver for the login GUI has been successfully started, but before the login GUI is actually displayed, GDM will run the Init script. This script is useful for starting programs that should be run while the login screen is showing, or for doing any special initialization if required. After the user has been successfully authenticated GDM will run the PostLogin script. This is done before any session setup has been done, including before the pam_open_session call. This script is useful for doing any session initialization that needs to happen before the session starts. For example, you might setup the user's $HOME directory if needed. After the user session has been initialized, GDM will run the PreSession script. This script is useful for doing any session initialization that needs to happen after the session has been initialized. It can be used for session management or accounting, for example. When a user terminates their session, GDM will run the PostSession script. Note that the Xserver will have been stopped by the time this script is run, so it should not be accessed. Note that the PostSession script will be run even when the display fails to respond due to an I/O error or similar. Thus, there is no guarantee that X applications will work during script execution. All of the above scripts will set the $RUNNING_UNDER_GDM environment variable to yes. If the scripts are also shared with other display managers, this allows you to identify when GDM is calling these scripts, so you can run specific code when GDM is used. The <share>/gdm/autostart/LoginWindow directory contains files in the format specified by the "FreeDesktop.org Desktop Application Autostart Specification". Standard features in the specification may be used to specify programs that should auto-restart or only be launched if a GConf configuration value is set, etc. Any .desktop files in this directory will cause the associated program to automatically start with the login GUI greeter. By default, GDM is shipped with files which will autostart the gdm-simple-greeter login GUI greeter itself, the gnome-power-manager application, the gnome-settings-daemon, and the metacity window manager. These programs are needed for the greeter program to work. In addition, desktop files are provided for starting various AT programs if the configuration values specified in the Accessibility Configuration section below are set. There is also an Xsession script located at <etc>/gdm/Xsession which is called between the PreSession and the PostSession scripts. This script does not support per-display like the other scripts. This script is used for actually starting the user session. This script is run as the user, and it will run whatever session was specified by the Desktop session file the user selected to start. The GDM daemon is configured using the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file. Default values are stored in GConf in the gdm.schemas file. It is recommended that end-users modify the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file because the schemas file may be overwritten when the user updates their system to have a newer version of GDM. Note that older versions of GDM supported additional configuration options which are no longer supported in the latest versions of GDM. The <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file is in the keyfile format. Keywords in brackets define group sections, strings before an equal sign (=) are keys and the data after equal sign represents their value. Empty lines or lines starting with the hash mark (#) are ignored. The file <etc>/gdm/custom.conf supports the "[daemon]", "[security]", and "[xdmcp]" group sections. Within each group, there are particular key/value pairs that can be specified to modify how GDM behaves. For example, to enable timed login and specify the timed login user to be a user named "you", you would modify the file so it contains the following lines: [daemon] TimedLoginEnable=true TimedLogin=you A continuación móstrase unha lista de chaves de configuración admitidas: Multicast Multicast=false Se é verdadeiro e IPv6 está activado, o selector enviará unha consulta multicast á rede local e recollera as respostas dos equipos que están unidos ao grupo multicast. MulticastAddr MulticastAddr=ff02::1 Este é o enderezo multicast de link local. TimedLoginEnable TimedLoginEnable=false If the user given in TimedLogin should be logged in after a number of seconds (set with TimedLoginDelay) of inactivity on the login screen. This is useful for public access terminals or perhaps even home use. If the user uses the keyboard or browses the menus, the timeout will be reset to TimedLoginDelay or 30 seconds, whichever is higher. If the user does not enter a username but just hits the ENTER key while the login program is requesting the username, then GDM will assume the user wants to login immediately as the timed user. Note that no password will be asked for this user so you should be careful, although if using PAM it can be configured to require password entry before allowing login. Refer to the "Security->PAM" section of the manual for more information, or for help if this feature does not seem to work. TimedLogin TimedLogin= Este é o usuario no que se debería iniciar sesión despois dun número especificado de segundos de inactividade. If the value ends with a vertical bar | (the pipe symbol), then GDM will execute the program specified and use whatever value is returned on standard out from the program as the user. The program is run with the DISPLAY environment variable set so that it is possible to specify the user in a per-display fashion. For example if the value is "/usr/bin/getloginuser|", then the program "/usr/bin/getloginuser" will be run to get the user value. TimedLoginDelay TimedLoginDelay=30 Delay in seconds before the TimedLogin user will be logged in. AutomaticLoginEnable AutomaticLoginEnable=false If true, the user given in AutomaticLogin should be logged in immediately. This feature is like timed login with a delay of 0 seconds. AutomaticLogin AutomaticLogin= This is the user that should be logged in immediately if AutomaticLoginEnable is true. If the value ends with a vertical bar | (the pipe symbol), then GDM will execute the program specified and use whatever value is returned on standard out from the program as the user. The program is run with the DISPLAY environment variable set so that it is possible to specify the user in a per-display fashion. For example if the value is "/usr/bin/getloginuser|", then the program "/usr/bin/getloginuser" will be run to get the user value. User User=gdm The username under which the greeter and other GUI programs are run. Refer to the User configuration key and to the "Security->GDM User And Group" section of this document for more information. Group Group=gdm The group name under which the greeter and other GUI programs are run. Refer to the Group configuration key and to the "Security->GDM User And Group" section of this document for more information. Enable Enable=false To enable debugging, set the debug/Enable key to "true" in the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file and restart GDM. Then debug output will be sent to the system log file (<var>/log/messages or <var>/adm/messages depending on your Operating System). DisallowTCP DisallowTCP=true If true, then always append -nolisten tcp to the command line when starting attached Xservers, thus disallowing TCP connection. This is a more secure configuration if you are not using remote connections. DisplaysPerHost DisplaysPerHost=1 To prevent attackers from filling up the pending queue, GDM will only allow one connection for each remote computer. If you want to provide display services to computers with more than one screen, you should increase this value. Note that the number of attached DISPLAYS allowed is not limited. Only remote connections via XDMCP are limited by this configuration option. Enable Enable=false Ao configurar isto a verdadeiro actívase a compatibilidade con XDMCP o que lle permite ás pantallas remotas/terminais X ser xestionados por GDM. gdm listens for requests on UDP port 177. See the Port option for more information. If GDM is compiled to support it, access from remote displays can be controlled using the TCP Wrappers library. The service name is gdm You should add gdm:.my.domain to your <etc>/hosts.allow, depending on your TCP Wrappers configuration. See the hosts.allow man page for details. Teña en conta que XDMCP non é un protocolo particularmente seguro e que é boa idea bloquear o porto UDP 177 no seu cortalumes a non ser que o precise. HonorIndirect HonorIndirect=true Enables XDMCP INDIRECT choosing (i.e. remote execution of gdmchooser) for X-terminals which do not supply their own display browser. MaxPending MaxPending=4 Para evitar os ataques de denegación de servizos, GDM ten un tamaño de cola de conexións pendentes fixo. Só se poden iniciar MaxPending pantallas á vez. Please note that this parameter does not limit the number of remote displays which can be managed. It only limits the number of displays initiating a connection simultaneously. MaxSessions MaxSessions=16 Determines the maximum number of remote display connections which will be managed simultaneously. I.e. the total number of remote displays that can use your host. MaxWait MaxWait=30 When GDM is ready to manage a display an ACCEPT packet is sent to it containing a unique session id which will be used in future XDMCP conversations. GDM will then place the session id in the pending queue waiting for the display to respond with a MANAGE request. If no response is received within MaxWait seconds, GDM will declare the display dead and erase it from the pending queue freeing up the slot for other displays. MaxWaitIndirect MaxWaitIndirect=30 The MaxWaitIndirect parameter determines the maximum number of seconds between the time where a user chooses a host and the subsequent indirect query where the user is connected to the host. When the timeout is exceeded, the information about the chosen host is forgotten and the indirect slot freed up for other displays. The information may be forgotten earlier if there are more hosts trying to send indirect queries then MaxPendingIndirect. Port Port=177 The UDP port number gdm should listen to for XDMCP requests. Do not change this unless you know what you are doing. Willing Willing=<etc>/gdm/Xwilling When the machine sends a WILLING packet back after a QUERY it sends a string that gives the current status of this server. The default message is the system ID, but it is possible to create a script that displays customized message. If this script does not exist or this key is empty the default message is sent. If this script succeeds and produces some output, the first line of it's output is sent (and only the first line). It runs at most once every 3 seconds to prevent possible denial of service by flooding the machine with QUERY packets. The GDM default greeter is called the simple Greeter and is configured via GConf. Default values are stored in GConf in the gdm-simple-greeter.schemas file. These defaults can be overridden if the "gdm" user has a writable $HOME directory to store GConf settings. These values can be edited using the gconftool-2 or gconf-editor programs. The following configuration options are supported: /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_enable false (booleano) Controla se se mostra ou non o mensaxe de texto. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_text NULL (cadea) Especifica o mensaxe de texto do banner a mostrar na pantalla de benvida. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/disable_restart_buttons false (booleano) Controla se mostrar ou non os botóns de reinicio na pantalla de inicio de sesión. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/disable_user_list false (booleano) Se é verdadeiro, entón o explorador de caras cos usuarios coñecidos mostrarase na pantalla de inicio de sesión. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/logo_icon_name computer (cadea) Configurado ao nome de tema de iconas para o logotipo da benvida. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/recent-languages [] (lista de cadeas) Set to a list of languages to be shown by default in the login window. Default value is "[]". With the default setting only the system default language is shown and the option "Other..." which pops-up a dialog box showing a full list of available languages which the user can select. Users are not intended to change this setting by hand. Instead GDM keeps track of any languages selected in this configuration key, and will show them in the language combo box along with the "Other..." choice. This way, commonly selected languages are easier to select. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/recent-layouts [] (lista de cadeas) Set to a list of keyboard layouts to be shown by default in the login panel. Default value is "[]". With the default setting only the system default keyboard layout is shown and the option "Other..." which pops-up a dialog box showing a full list of available keyboard layouts which the user can select. Users are not intended to change this setting by hand. Instead GDM keeps track of any keyboard layouts selected in this configuration key, and will show them in the keyboard layout combo box along with the "Other..." choice. This way, commonly selected keyboard layouts are easier to select. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/wm_use_compiz false (booleano) Controla se se usa compiz como xestor de xanelas no lugar de metacity. Esta sección describe as opcións de configuración de accesibilidade dispoñibles en GDM. The GDM greeter panel at the login screen displays an accessibility icon. Clicking on that icon opens the GDM Accessibility Dialog. In the GDM Accessibility Dialog, there is a list of checkboxes, so the user can enable or disable the associated assistive tools. The checkboxes that correspond to the on-screen keyboard, screen magnifier and screen reader assistive tools act on the three GConf keys that are described in the next section of this document. By enabling or disabling these checkboxes, the associated GConf key is set to "true" or "false". When the GConf key is set to true, the assistive tools linked to this GConf key are launched. When the GConf key is set to "false", any running assistive tool linked to this GConf key are terminated. These GConf keys are not automatically reset to a default state after the user has logged in. Consequently, the assistive tools that were running during the last GDM login session will automatically be launched at the next GDM login session. The other checkboxes in the GDM Accessibility Dialog do not have corresponding GConf keys because no additional program is launched to provide the accessibility features that they offer. These other options correspond to accessibility features that are provided by the Xserver, which is always running during the GDM session. GDM ofrece as seguintes chaves de GConf para controlar as características de accesibilidade: /desktop/gnome/interface/accessibility false (booleano) Controla se a infraestrutura de accesibilidade debería iniciarse coa interface de GDM. Isto é requirido para que funcionen varios programas de tecnoloxía de accesibilidade. /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_magnifier_enabled false (booleano) Se está configurado entón as ferramentas de asistencia ligadas con esta chave de GConf iniciaranse co programa de interface de GDM. Por omisión isto é a aplicación de ampliación de pantalla. /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled false (booleano) If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will be started with the GDM GUI program. By default this is an on-screen keyboard application. /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_reader_enabled false (booleano) If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will be started with the GDM GUI program. By default this is a screen reader application. For the screen_magnifier_enabled, the screen_keyboard_enabled, and the screen_reader_enabled GConf keys, the assistive tool which gets launched depends on the desktop files located in the GDM autostart directory as described in the "Autostart Configuration" section of this manual. Any desktop file in the GDM autostart directory can be linked to these GConf key via specifying that GConf key in the AutostartCondition value in the desktop file. So the exact AutostartCondition line in the desktop file could be one of the following: AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_magnifier_enabled AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_reader_enabled When an accessibility key is true, then any program which is linked to that key in a GDM autostart desktop file will be launched (unless the Hidden key is set to true in that desktop file). A single GConf key can even start multiple assistive tools if there are multiple desktop files with this AutostartCondition in the GDM autostart directory. For example, if GNOME is distributed with GOK as the default on-screen keyboard, then this could be replaced with a different program if desired. To replace GOK with the on-screen keyboard application "onboard" and additionally activate the assistive tool "mousetweaks" for dwelling support, then the following configuration is needed. Create a desktop file for onboard and a second one for mousetweaks; for example, onboard.desktop and mousetweaks.desktop. These files must be placed in the GDM autostart directory and be in the format as explained in the "Autostart Configuration" section of this document. The following is an example onboard.desktop file: [Desktop Entry] Encoding=UTF-8 Name=Onboard Onscreen Keyboard Comment=Use an on-screen keyboard TryExec=onboard Exec=onboard --size 500x180 -x 20 -y 10 Terminal=false Type=Application StartupNotify=true Categories=GNOME;GTK;Accessibility; AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled The following is an example mousetweaks.desktop file: [Desktop Entry] Encoding=UTF-8 Name=Software Mouse-Clicks Comment=Perform clicks by dwelling with the pointer TryExec=mousetweaks Exec=mousetweaks --enable-dwell -m window -c -x 20 -y 240 Terminal=false Type=Application StartupNotify=true Categories=GNOME;GTK;Accessibility; AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled Teña en conta a liña con AutostartCondition que liga ambos ficheiros de escritorio coa chave GConf para o teclado en pantalla. To disable GOK from starting, the desktop file for the GOK on-screen keyboard must be removed or deactivated. Otherwise onboard and GOK would simultaneously be started. This can be done by removing the gok.desktop file from the GDM autostart directory, or by adding the "Hidden=true" key setting to the gok.desktop file. After making these changes, GOK will no longer be started when the user activates the on-screen keyboard in the GDM session; but onboard and mousetweaks will instead be launched. The GDM Greeter uses some of the same framework that your desktop session will use. And so, it is influenced by a number of the same GConf settings. For each of these settings the Greeter will use the default value unless it is specifically overridden by a) GDM's installed mandatory policy b) system mandatory policy. GDM installs its own mandatory policy to lock down some settings for security. GDM conta cos seguintes engadidos de gnome-settings-daemon: a11y-keyboard, background, sound, xsettings. Isto é responsábel de cousas como a imaxe de fondo, o tipo de letra e as preferencias do tema, eventos de son, etc. Plugins can also be disabled using GConf. For example, if you want to disable the sound plugin then unset the following key: /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/settings-manager-plugins/sound/active. GDM sessions are specified using the FreeDesktop.org Desktop Entry Specification, which can be referenced at the following URL: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/desktop-entry-spec. By default, GDM will install desktop files in the <share>/xsessions directory. GDM will search the following directories in this order to find desktop files: <etc>/X11/sessions/, <dmconfdir>/Sessions, <share>/xsessions, and <share>/gdm/BuiltInSessions. By default the <dmconfdir> is set to <etc>/dm/ unless GDM is configured to use a different directory via the "--with-dmconfdir" option. A session can be disabled by editing the desktop file and adding a line as follows: Hidden=true. GDM desktop files support a GDM-specific extension, a key named "X-GDM-BypassXsession". If the key is not specified in a desktop file, the value defaults to "false". If this key is specified to be "true" in a desktop file, then GDM will launch the program specified by the desktop file "Exec" key directly when starting the user session. It will not run the program via the <etc>/gdm/Xsession script, which is the normal behavior. Since bypassing the <etc>/gdm/Xsession script avoids setting up the user session with the normal system and user settings, sessions started this way can be useful for debugging problems in the system or user scripts that might be preventing a user from being able to start a session. The user's default session and language choices are stored in the ~/.dmrc file. When a user logs in for the first time, this file is created with the user's initial choices. The user can change these default values by simply changing to a different value when logging in. GDM will remember this change for subsequent logins. The ~/.dmrc file is in the standard INI format. It has one section called [Desktop] which has two keys: Session and Language. The Session key specifies the basename of the session .desktop file that the user wishes to normally use without the .desktop extension. The Language key specifies the language that the user wishes to use by default. If either of these keys is missing, the system default is used. The file would normally look as follows: [Desktop] Session=gnome Language=cs_CZ.UTF-8 The GDM package provides the following commands in sbindir intended to be run by the root user: gdm is the main daemon which sets up graphical login environment and starts necessary helpers. -?, --help Fornece unha vista rápida das opcións de liña de ordes. --fatal-warnings Facer todos os avisos que GDM saian. --timed-exit Saír despois de 30 segundos. Útil para depuración. --version Imprime a versión do daemon GDM. gdm-restart stops and restarts GDM by sending the GDM daemon a HUP signal. This command will immediately terminate all sessions and log out users currently logged in with GDM. gdm-safe-restart stops and restarts GDM by sending the GDM daemon a USR1 signal. GDM will be restarted as soon as all users log out. gdm-stop stops GDM by sending the GDM daemon a TERM signal. This section discusses helpful tips for getting GDM working. In general, if you have a problem using GDM, you can submit a bug or send an email to the gdm-list mailing list. Information about how to do this is in the Introduction section of the document. If GDM is failing to work properly, it is always a good idea to include debug information. To enable debugging, set the debug/Enable key to "true" in the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file and restart GDM. Then use GDM to the point where it fails, and debug output will be sent to the system log file (<var>/log/messages or <var>/adm/messages depending on your Operating System). If you share this output with the GDM community via a bug report or email, please only include the GDM related debug information and not the entire file since it can be large. If you do not see any GDM syslog output, you may need to configure syslog (refer to the syslog man page). There are a many problems that can cause GDM to fail to start, but this section will discuss a few common problems and how to approach tracking down a problem with GDM starting. Some problems will cause GDM to respond with an error message or dialog when it tries to start, but it can be difficult to track down problems when GDM fails silently. First make sure that the Xserver is configured properly. The GDM configuration file contains a command in the [server-Standard] section that is used for starting the Xserver. Verify that this command works on your system. Running this command from the console should start the Xserver. If it fails, then the problem is likely with your Xserver configuration. Refer to your Xserver error log for an idea of what the problem may be. The problem may also be that your Xserver requires different command-line options. If so, then modify the Xserver command in the GDM configuration file so that it is correct for your system. Also make sure that the /tmp directory has reasonable ownership and permissions, and that the machine's file system is not full. These problems will cause GDM to fail to start. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. A copy of the GNU General Public License is included as an appendix to the GNOME Users Guide. You may also obtain a copy of the GNU General Public License from the Free Software Foundation by visiting their Web site or by writing to

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